Chicago Style Endnotes/Footnotes

Click here for note formatting conventions
Click here for bibliography guidelines.

Notes defined: Footnotes go on the bottom of the page. Endnotes go on a separate page at the end of your paper, BEFORE the Bibliography. Footnotes and Endnotes use the same formatting style.

Citing Online Sources:
When citing online sources always check the information to see the form in which the document originally existed (e.g. book, magazine, article in an anthology, congressional record, speech, encyclopedia).

• Cite the information FIRST as originally published.
• Then cite the ACCESS information—how you obtained the information online (did you go directly to the site or use a subscription database?) The path to finding the information should be very clear.
  

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author’s first name last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of the book, italicized, followed by a space
• Open parentheses
• City of publication, followed by a colon and a space
• Name of the publisher, followed by a comma and a space
• Date of publication, close parentheses, followed by a comma and a space
• Page number followed by a period.

example:
     1. Jonathan Waterman, Arctic Crossing: A Journey through the Northwest Passage and Inuit Culture (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2001), 167.

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author’s first name, last name, followed by a space
• Title of the book, italicized followed by a space
• Open parentheses
• City of publication, followed by a colon and a space
• Name of the publisher, followed by a comma and a space
• Date of publication, close parentheses, followed by a period and a space
• Write: Available from: and the title of the site, followed by a comma
• Host URL within angle brackets followed by a space
• Date accessed within parentheses, followed by a period.

example:
     2. Maureen Honey, Bitter Fruit: African American Women in World War II (Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999). Available from: Peninsula Library System NetLibrary, <http://ezproxy.plsinfo.org:2136> (accessed 22 March 2005).
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Use the same format as with a single author, listing up to two authors. If there are three or more authors, list only the first author, followed by et al., then follow the standard format for a book.

example:
For a book written by James Bradley, Ron Powers, and Susan Spark:
     3. James Bradley et al., Flags of Our Fathers (New York: Bantam Books, 2002), 64.

Citation of films follows the style used for books, with the addition of medium type. A portion of a video is cited as a chapter of a book, using chapter numbers that are provided if the medium is DVD, or a description if the medium is VHS. Additional material that is included on a DVD is cited as a chapter.

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author's first name last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of film, in italics, followed by a comma and a space
• Medium type, followed by a comma and a space
• directed by followed by director's first name last name
• Open parentheses
• Original publication year if this is a reissue, followed by a comma and a space
• City of publication, followed by a colon and a space
• Name of studio or production company followed by a comma and a space
• Year of publication, close parentheses, followed by a period.

example (entire movie):
     4. Plan 9 From Outer Space, DVD, directed by Edward D. Wood, Jr. (1959, Chatsworth, CA: Image Entertainment, 2000).

example (portion of a movie):
     5. "Escape from Atlanta," Gone With the Wind, DVD, directed by David O. Selznick (1939, Burbank, CA: Time Warner, 1999).

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author’s first name, last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of the article/chapter, in quotation marks, followed by a comma and a space (put the comma inside the quotation mark)
• "in" followed by the title of the book (italicized), followed by a comma
• If there is an editor, put edited by author’s name, followed by a space
• Open parentheses
• City of publication, followed by a colon and a space
• Name of the publisher, followed by a comma and a space
• Publication date, close parentheses, followed by a comma
• Page numbers of article, followed by a period

example:
     6.Thomas H. Huxley, “The Darwinian Hypothesis,” in Galileo’s Commandment: Great Science Writing, ed. Edmund Blair Bolles (New York: W.H. Freeman, 1997), 257-266.

example:
     7. “Buddhism,” in Religions of the World, ed. J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann
(Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 179-198.

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Citations for well-known encyclopedias such as World Book or Britannica do not require publication information, but any edition after the first should be indicated. Citation for a lesser known encycopedia should include publication information before the s.v.

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Title of encyclpedia in italics, followed by a comma and a space
• Edition if known, abbreviated, followed by a comma and a space
• The letters s.v. (meaning "under the word") followed by a space
• The heading for the encyclopedic entry, followed by a period and within quotation marks.

examples:
     8. World Book Encyclopedia, 2003 ed., s.v. "Industrial Revolution."

     9. Encyclopedia of Modern Asia, ed. David Levinson, Karen Christenson (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002), s.v. "Indo-China War."

Citations for well-known encyclopedias such as World Book or Britannica do not require publication information, but any edition after the first should be indicated. Citation for a lesser known encycopedia should include publication information before the s.v. If the encyclopedia is available through a subscription, include the url of the organization providing access. If the encyclopedia is freely available on the Internet, include the url of the encyclopedia itself.

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Title of encyclpedia in italics, followed by a comma and a space
• Edition if known, abbreviated, followed by a comma and a space
• The letters s.v. (meaning "under the word") followed by a space
• The heading for the encyclopedic entry, followed by a comma and within quotation marks
• If a subscription, provide the name of the sponsoring organization (abbreviate Library as Lib.)
• URL of sponsoring organization, or of free online encyclopedia, within brackets, followed by a space
• Accession date within parentheses, followed by a period.

examples:
     10. Encyclopedia Britannica Online., s.v. "John Lennon." Available from Encyclopedia Britannica, Menlo School Lib. <http://library.menloschool.org> (accessed 8 December 2005).

     11. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., s.v. "Beatles, The." Available from Bartleby.com <http://www.bartleby.com> (accessed 8 December 2005).

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author's first name, last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of article in quotation marks, followed by a comma and a space (put the comma inside the quotation mark; no comma if title includes ? or !)
• Name of periodical, italicized, followed by a comma
• Volume number (if available) in arabic numerals, followed by a comma
• Date published in parentheses, followed by a colon and a space
• Pages the article begins and ends, followed by a period. Use a + for pages that are not continuous (for example B1+ indicates an article begins on page B1 and continues on pages B3 and B4)

example (periodical with volume number):
     12. Christina Gorman, "The Avian Flu: How Scared Should We Be?" Time, 166, no. 16,
(17 October 2005): 30 - 34.

example (newspaper):
     13. Sharon Begley, "One More Reason to Play Harmonica: It's Good for the Pipes," Wall Street Journal, (19 October 2006): A1.

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author's first name, last name
• Title of article, in quotation marks, followed by a comma and a space (put the comma inside the quotation mark; no comma if title includes ? or !)
• Name of periodical, italicized followed by a comma and a space
• Volume number (if available) in arabic numerals, followed by a comma and a space
• Date published, in parentheses, followed by a colon and a space
• Pages the article begins and ends, followed by a period.
• Available from: followed by the website's sponsoring organization
• URL of article or sponsoring organization, in angle brackets
• Date of access, in parentheses

example:
     14. Glen Martin, “Shasta Lake: Tribe Sees Dam Plan as Cultural Genocide, Raising Lake Level Would Drown Sites Sacred to the Winnemem Wintu,” San Francisco Chronicle (27 February 2005): A-17. Available from: SFGate <http://sfgate.com> (accessed 16 October 2005).

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• First name last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of speech within qhotation marks, followed by a space
• Open parentheses
• Description of speech (lecture, keynote address, etc) followed by a comma and a space
• Circumstances of speech if known (annual meeting, board presentation, etc) followed by a comma and a space
• Location followed by a comma and a space
• Date, close parentheses, followed by a period.

example:
     15. John Schafer, "2025" (lecture, Menlo School, Atherton, CA, 1 December 2005).

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author’s first name, last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of website in quotation marks, followed by a space
• Website creation date in parentheses followed by a period
• Available from: followed by the website's sponsoring organization (if this is a personal website do not include a sponsoring organization)
• URL in angle brackets
• Date of access in parentheses followed by a period.

examples:
     16. Barbara Landis, "Carlisle Indian Industrial School History" (1996). Available from:
<http://home.epix.net/~landis/histry.html> (accessed 21 October 2005).

     17. Michael Salda, "The Cinderella Project" (2005). Available from: University of Southern Mississippi <http://www.usm.edu/english/fairytales/cinderella/cinderella.html> (accessed 19 October 2006).

Cite the organization who sponsors it, or if that information is not available, use the title of the site.

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Title of web page in quotation marks, followed by a space
• Website creation date in parentheses followed by a period
• Available from: followed by the website's sponsoring organization
• URL in angle brackets
• Date of access in parentheses followed by a period.

example:
     18. “John Roberts on Abortion” (2005). Available from: On The Issues
<http://www.issues2000.org/Court/John_Roberts_Abortion.htm>
(accessed 16 October 2005).

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Photographer's first name, last name if available, or author's name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of photo in quotation marks, if available. If no title, describe briefly. Follow with a comma and a space (put the comma inside the quotation marks).
• The word "image" in parentheses (after the quotation marks) followed by a comma and a space
• Title of article or book, italicized, followed by a space
• Open parentheses
• City of publication, followed by a colon and a space
• Name of publisher, followed by a comma and a space
• Date of publication, close parentheses, followed by a comma and a space
• Page number of image, followed by a period.

example (known author or agency):
     19. New China News Agency, "Japanese Tanks" (image), The Rape of Nanking (New York: Penguin, 1997), 146.

example (author unknown):
     20. "Angiogram of the Head" (image), Encyclopedia of the Human Body (New York:
DK Publishing, 2002), 88.

Very important! If you are citing an image found in Google Images or any other image retrieval service, be certain to cite the image in its original context. Do not provide the URL of the enlarged image - you must use the URL of the page where the image was originally shown.

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Image creator's first name, last name, if available, or page author's name if available, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of photo in quotation marks, if available. If no title, describe briefly within quotation marks.
• The word "image" in parentheses (after the quotation marks) followed by a comma and a space
• Available from followed by a colon and a space
• Title of article or web page followed by a space
• URL in angle brackets
• Date of access.

example (known author or agency):
     21. Dorothea Lange, "Destitute Pea Pickers in California. Mother of Seven Children. Age Thirty-two. Nipomo, California" (image). Available from: Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog <http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.html>
(accessed 23 May 2005).

example (author unknown):
     22. "Two Women" (image). Nigeria. Available from: IDFC <http://www.ifdc.org/Programs_Projects/Economics_PolicyReform_MarketDev/nigeria.html>
(accessed 20 May 2005).

• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Author’s first name last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Title of the document, in quotation marks (Begin with this if author’s name is not known) followed by a comma and a space (put the comma inside the quotation marks)
• The title of the newspaper in italics followed by a space
• If available, the edition of the article appeared (first edition, late edition, etc.) followed by a comma
• The date, month and year of the article in parentheses followed by a colon and a space
• The page number(s) of the article
• Available from: database provider (company) followed by a comma and a space
• Name of database followed by a comma and a space
• Name of library providing database access followed by a space (abbreviate library as Lib.)
• Library web address in angle brackets followed by a space
• Date of access in parentheses followed by a period.

example:
     23. Roscoe McGowen, “No Cut in Salary for Bomber Star,” New York Times
(6 January 1951): 24. Available from: Proquest, New York Times Historical Collection, Menlo School Lib. <http://library.menloschool.org> (accessed 4 August 2003).

example:
     24. George Thomas, “Strange Events,” Dallas Morning News late ed. (4 September 1940): 22. Available from: Lexis-Nexis, News, Menlo School Lib. <http:library.menloschool.org> (accessed 2 January 2004).

example:
    25. George Lacy, “Fashion Trends.” Journal of Fashion (5 September 1999). Available from: Gale, Student Resource Center-Gold, Menlo School Lib. <http://library.menloschool.org> (accessed 5 January 2004).
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• Note number followed by a period and a space
• Interviewee's first name last name, followed by a comma and a space
• Interview by followed by the interviewer's name. If it is an interview you conducted yourself you may use the words "interview by the author." Follow with a comma and a space.
• Date of interview in European format followed by a period.
• If using the transcript of an interview, follow the date above with a comma and a space, and include information about where the transcript can be found. If found online use the words "available from" and include the date you found the transcript.

examples:
    26. Charles Hanson, in discussion with the author, 18 October 2006.

    27. John D. Negroponte, interview by Robert Siegel, 1 September 2006. Available from Office of the Director of National Intelligence <http://www.dni.gov/interviews/20060901_interview.pdf> (accessed 19 October 2006).

To cite a source that was originally published in one form that you viewed in a different form, cite the work in its original form, then add your own source information:

• Follow the format given for the original source (book, act, etc.)
• Add a period. Then continue with the words Available from or In, followed by a colon.
• Follow the format for the source you used.

Example of article in an anthology with an author and an editor obtained from Gale:
     1. John Katz, “Campus Speech Codes Violate Free Speech,” Censorship,
Tamara Roleff, ed. (N.p.: Greenhaven Press, 2000). Available from: Gale, Student
Resource Center-Gold, Menlo School Lib. <http://library.menloschool.org>
(accessed 10 January 2004).

Example of Congressional Act accessed from a website:
     2. U.S. Congress, Senate Judiciary Committee,"Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act: Testimony of Douglas Johnson," 105th Congress, 1st sess. 11 March 1997. Available from:
Concerned Women From America <http://www.cwfa.org/articledisplay>
(accessed 4 October 2003).

Example of a print source quoted within another print source:
     3. Nathaniel Green, "I think we have...", in Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, W. W. Abbott, Philander D. Chase, and Dorothy Twohig, eds. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), VI, 222. Quoted in: David McCullough, 1776 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 205.
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Note Format Details (Within the Paper)

• To acknowledge a source, place a superscript number (raised above the line) immediately after the end punctuation of a sentence containing the quotation, paraphrase, or summary, like this.¹
• Do not put any punctuation after the number. Do not reuse a number--continue numbering in numerical order until you finish the end of the paper.

End Notes Format Details (at the End of the Paper)

1. Make a separate page for your endnotes at the end of your paper. At the top of the page, in the center of the first line, call the page Notes. (Do not call it Endnotes—it’s obvious it’s at the end)
2. In the endnote itself, use the same number as used in your paper, but do not raise or superscript it.
3. Indent the first line of each note five spaces—if there is more information, the next line is not indented.
• Move the cursor in front of the number, then go up to the ruler and click on "first line indent". This will indent all of your footnotes automatically.
4. Put a period and two spaces after the number. Single-space the note itself. Double-space between this note and the beginning of the next one.
5. List the author using their first and then their last name and place a comma at the end.
6. List the title of the source (underline or italicize it).
7. List the publishing information in parentheses and place a comma at the end (example: publication city: publisher, copyright date.).
8. List the page(s) where the information was found and place a period at the end.
   • Note: Generally you do not put the abbreviaitons "p." and "pp." before page numbers. Just list the pages with no introduction. Only use "p." with newspapers to distinguish section from page.

What do I do after the first citation of an author?
When a source is used a second time, its reference is given in a shortened form—the complete information is not recopied after the first citation.

Examples of shortened form:
If the work and the author remain the same, and you are using only one book or reference by that particular author, simply give the author’s last name or title of the article (truncated) and the page reference:

example: 10. Kaiser, 122.

If, however you are using more than one work by the same author, you must indicate which of the works you are using in this citation.

example: 11. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade, 61.

If you use two authors with the same name, give the full name in the shortened reference.

example:

12. John Brown, 77. 13. Peter Brown, 33.

These guidelines have been customized for Menlo School students by Maura Sincoff, Writing Center Director and Cathy Rettberg, Head Librarian.